Thyroid ophthalmopathy

Thyroid ophthalmopathy, also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease, is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder that affects the orbit around the eye, characterized by the enlargement of the extraocular muscles, increased orbital fat, and connective tissue expansion.

This condition is most commonly associated with Graves' disease, a form of hyperthyroidism, although it can also occur in patients with normal or low thyroid function.

The pathophysiology of thyroid ophthalmopathy involves an autoimmune reaction where antibodies mistakenly target the fibroblasts in the orbital tissues.

This immune response leads to inflammation and swelling in the tissues behind the eye, causing a characteristic bulging appearance known as exophthalmos or proptosis.

Patients may experience symptoms such as dry or gritty eyes, redness, swelling, double vision, and in severe cases, vision loss if the optic nerve is compressed.

Diagnosis typically involves clinical examination and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, which can detect changes in the eye muscles and other orbital structures.

These scans are part of a comprehensive approach to assess the extent of tissue involvement and to guide treatment decisions.

Management of thyroid ophthalmopathy may include controlling the underlying thyroid dysfunction, using corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and in some cases, surgical intervention to decompress the orbit or correct eye muscle dysfunction.

The condition requires a collaborative approach involving endocrinologists and ophthalmologists to ensure both thyroid function and eye health are managed effectively.

Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications and preserve vision.