Thyroid atrophy

Thyroid atrophy refers to the shrinkage or reduction in size and functional capacity of the thyroid gland.

This condition often results from chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, particularly late-stage Hashimoto's thyroiditis, where ongoing inflammation leads to glandular destruction and fibrosis.

Atrophy may also occur after radiation therapy, thyroid surgery, or due to long-standing iodine deficiency.

Clinically, thyroid atrophy is frequently associated with hypothyroidism, presenting symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression.

In advanced cases, the gland may be impalpable on physical examination due to its diminished size.

Diagnosis involves a combination of laboratory tests—such as elevated TSH and low T3/T4 levels—and imaging studies like thyroid ultrasound or CT scans, which reveal a small, fibrotic thyroid gland.

Antithyroid antibodies may be present in autoimmune cases.

Imaging is particularly useful for distinguishing atrophy from other thyroid pathologies such as nodules or neoplasms.

Management typically involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine to restore normal metabolic function.

Regular follow-up and monitoring of hormone levels are necessary to ensure optimal dosing and prevent complications of untreated hypothyroidism.

Understanding thyroid atrophy is important for clinicians managing chronic thyroid disorders and helps guide appropriate therapeutic interventions to maintain endocrine balance.