Radiation-induced osteonecrosis

Radiation-induced osteonecrosis is a condition characterized by the death of bone tissue due to the damaging effects of radiation therapy, often used in the treatment of head and neck cancers.

This condition primarily affects the bones within the irradiated field, most commonly the jawbone (mandible) when associated with head and neck radiation.

It occurs when the high-energy radiation disrupts the blood supply to the bone, leading to necrosis, or cellular death, of the bone tissue.

Clinically, patients may experience pain, swelling, and infection in the affected area, along with exposed bone and difficulty healing after dental extraction or other trauma to the irradiated site.

The condition can significantly impact a patient's quality of life, leading to difficulties in eating, speaking, and maintaining oral hygiene.

Diagnosis of radiation-induced osteonecrosis is typically confirmed through imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI, which can reveal changes in bone integrity and the presence of necrotic tissue.

Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, preventing further necrosis, and may include antibiotics, surgical debridement of necrotic tissue, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy to enhance healing by increasing oxygen supply to the affected tissue.

Management of this condition requires a multidisciplinary approach, often involving oncologists, maxillofacial surgeons, and dental specialists to ensure comprehensive care and support for the patient.