Pectus excavatum

Pectus excavatum, commonly known as sunken or funnel chest, is a structural deformity of the anterior thoracic wall in which the sternum and rib cage grow abnormally.

This results in a concave, or sunken, appearance of the chest.

While the condition is primarily cosmetic, it can sometimes impact physiological function, particularly in severe cases where it may compress the heart and lungs, leading to potential breathing difficulties and reduced cardiac output.

The exact cause of pectus excavatum is not entirely understood, but it is believed to have a genetic component, often occurring in families.

It is the most common congenital deformity of the chest wall, and its severity can vary widely from mild indentation to severe depression.

Diagnosis is typically made through physical examination and imaging studies, such as a CT scan or MRI, which provide a detailed view of the chest structure.

These imaging techniques help assess the severity of the deformity and its impact on the heart and lungs.

Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition and the presence of any associated physiological impairments.

For mild cases, physical therapy and exercises to improve posture and chest expansion may be recommended.

In more severe instances, surgical intervention, such as the Nuss or Ravitch procedure, may be considered to correct the deformity and alleviate any functional impairments.

The decision for surgery is often based on both cosmetic concerns and functional limitations impacting the patient's quality of life.