Obstructive hydrocephalus

Obstructive hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain due to a blockage that prevents the normal flow of CSF.

This blockage can occur at various points in the ventricular system, which includes structures such as the foramen of Monro, the cerebral aqueduct, and the fourth ventricle.

In a healthy brain, CSF is produced continuously and circulates through the ventricles, eventually being absorbed into the bloodstream.

However, in obstructive hydrocephalus, the obstruction leads to increased pressure within the ventricles, causing them to expand.

This can result in compression of surrounding brain tissue, leading to symptoms such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, cognitive difficulties, and in severe cases, altered consciousness or brain herniation.

The underlying causes of obstructive hydrocephalus can include congenital malformations, tumors, infections, or hemorrhage.

Diagnosis is typically made using imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans, which can visualize the blockage and the resultant ventricular enlargement.

Treatment often involves surgical intervention to remove the obstruction or to divert the flow of CSF, such as through the placement of a shunt or an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV).

Understanding and managing obstructive hydrocephalus requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving neurosurgeons, neurologists, and radiologists, to ensure optimal outcomes for patients.