Giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a typically benign but locally aggressive neoplasm that arises from the bone tissue.

It primarily affects the epiphyseal region of long bones, such as the distal femur, proximal tibia, and distal radius, usually near the knee or wrist joints.

Though benign, these tumors can cause significant bone destruction and may lead to fractures or joint dysfunction, manifesting as pain, swelling, and impaired mobility at the affected site.

This condition is most common in young adults between the ages of 20 and 40, with a slight female predominance.

The tumor is characterized histologically by the presence of multinucleated giant cells, which resemble osteoclasts, amidst a background of mononuclear stromal cells.

Diagnosis of giant cell tumor of bone is typically achieved through imaging studies, including X-rays, MRI, and CT scans, which reveal a lytic bone lesion often extending to the subarticular bone plate.

Although it can be detected via Whole Body scans, targeted imaging of the affected region provides more detailed assessment.

Biopsy and histological examination confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment generally involves surgical resection of the tumor, which may be accompanied by curettage and bone grafting or the use of bone cement to fill the defect.

In cases where surgical removal is not feasible, radiotherapy or medical therapies, such as denosumab, may be considered to manage and control tumor growth.

Despite its benign nature, the tumor can recur locally, and in rare cases, may metastasize, notably to the lungs.