Gestational trophoblastic disease

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of rare tumors that involve abnormal growth of cells inside a woman's uterus.

The condition arises when there is a problem during the early stages of conception, typically involving the trophoblastic cells that normally form a part of the placenta.

These cells proliferate uncontrollably, leading to a group of conditions that can range from benign hydatidiform moles to malignant choriocarcinomas.

Hydatidiform moles, also known as molar pregnancies, are the most common form and can be complete or partial.

Complete moles contain no fetal tissue and result in a mass of cystic tissue, while partial moles may contain some normal placental tissue along with fetal tissue.

Choriocarcinoma is a more aggressive form of GTD and represents a malignant tumor that can spread beyond the uterus to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or brain, making early detection and treatment crucial.

GTD is typically detected through imaging studies such as ultrasound, which is a primary diagnostic tool, and confirmed with elevated levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood.

In more advanced or complicated cases, CT or MRI scans of the torso may be used to determine the extent of the disease and detect metastasis.

Treatment depends on the type and extent of the disease and may include surgical removal of the mole, chemotherapy, or a combination of both.

The prognosis is generally favorable, especially when detected early, but careful monitoring is essential to prevent recurrence or manage complications.

The condition underscores the importance of regular prenatal care and monitoring to ensure maternal and fetal health.