Epiglottitis

Epiglottitis is an acute inflammation of the epiglottis, a leaf-shaped flap in the throat behind the tongue.

This condition is most commonly caused by bacterial infection, particularly by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), though it can also result from other bacterial strains, viral infections, or physical injury.

The epiglottis plays a crucial role in preventing food, liquid, and other foreign materials from entering the windpipe and lungs during swallowing.

When inflamed, the epiglottis swells, which can lead to severe airway obstruction, posing a life-threatening situation that requires immediate medical attention.

Symptoms of epiglottitis may include severe sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, drooling, hoarse voice, and stridor (a high-pitched wheezing sound).

Due to the risk of rapid airway blockage, it is crucial to recognize these symptoms promptly.

Diagnosis typically involves direct visualization of the epiglottis using a flexible fiber-optic scope, though this must be done with caution to avoid exacerbating the swelling.

Imaging studies such as lateral neck X-rays can show a 'thumbprint sign,' indicative of an enlarged epiglottis.

In more comprehensive assessments, CT scans of the head and neck can help delineate the extent of swelling and rule out other potential causes of airway obstruction.

Treatment for epiglottitis often requires hospitalization, with airway management as the priority.

This may involve intubation or tracheostomy in severe cases.

Additionally, antibiotics are administered to combat infection, and corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation.

In the era of Hib vaccination, the incidence of epiglottitis has markedly decreased, underscoring the importance of immunization in preventing this potentially fatal condition.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications such as respiratory failure.

Understanding the symptoms and seeking immediate medical care can significantly impact the outcome for individuals affected by epiglottitis.