Diaphragmatic paralysis

Diaphragmatic paralysis is a medical condition characterized by the loss of function in one or both sides of the diaphragm, the primary muscle involved in breathing.

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs, separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Its paralysis can result in inadequate ventilation, leading to respiratory difficulties, especially when lying flat or during exertion.

This condition is often caused by injury or disease affecting the phrenic nerve, which controls diaphragm movement.

It can also result from neuromuscular disorders, trauma, or surgical complications.

Symptoms typically include shortness of breath, especially during physical activity, orthopnea (difficulty breathing when lying down), and sometimes diminished breath sounds upon physical examination.

Diagnosis can be achieved through imaging studies such as chest X-rays, fluoroscopy, or MRI, which can highlight abnormal diaphragmatic movement.

Pulmonary function tests may also be employed to assess the impact on respiratory function.

Management of diaphragmatic paralysis may involve supportive treatments such as oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation in severe cases.

Surgical interventions like diaphragm plication or phrenic nerve stimulation may be considered for persistent symptoms.

The condition's prognosis varies depending on the underlying cause and the extent of paralysis, with some patients experiencing significant improvement with appropriate management.